My grateful thanks are due to the Rev. John Flitcroft, who read
the proofs and made a number of helpful suggestions; to Dr. Dorothy
Sarmiento, for the Index; to Mr. H. M. McKechnie, Secretary of the
Manchester University Press, for his kindly assistance; and to the
Committee of the Tout Memorial Publication Fund, for a generous
subsidy.

E. F. J.

1943.

AT the end of these reprinted essays, originally published in 1943,
I have added two chapters: one on the florid style in the
Latinity of later medieval England, the other upon the econo-
mic position of English University clerks during the period and their
efforts to secure promotion from the court of Rome. The former may
help to illustrate p. 181-182 of ch. XII "'Middle Ages' and 'Renais-
sance'"; the latter may serve to acquaint the reader with what was,
to a good many people, an important aspect of the more general problem
of Papal provisions. These chapters are followed by some brief recon-
siderations of, and supplementary notes upon, certain of the original
essays, necessitated by the rapid advance of study and research in many
departments of later medieval history.

My thanks are due to the Royal Historical Society and to the Gover-
nors of the John Rylands Library for permission to reprint, from the
Transactions (4th Ser., Vol. XXVII), and the Bulletin of the Library
(Vols. 17, No. 2, and 29, No. 2), material now included as chs. XIand XII.

E. F. J.

1952.

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