the Roman Church. By the same act a bishop might be
invited to change his own, for the apostolic see; and in the
decree of 1059 the omissions are as important as the asser-
tions. That which is not forbidden may be regarded as
authorized. Finally, according to this principle, permission
was given to call a layman to the pontifical throne, provided
he caused to be conferred on him all the ordinations required
after election. The constitution of 769, already abrogated by
custom, was once more abrogated by the decree of 1059.
In fact, after the decree of 1059 no layman was elevated
to the pontifical throne; but until the time of Urban VI.
several foreign priests and bishops of the college of cardinals
are to be found on the list of popes: Urban III. ( 1185) was
archbishop of Milan; Urban IV. ( 1261), patriarch of
Jerusalem; Gregory X. ( 1271), archdeacon of Liège;
Celestine V. ( 1294), priest and hermit; Clement V., arch-
bishop of Bordeaux; Urban V., abbot of St. Victor of
Marseilles; Urban VI. ( 1378), archbishop of Bari. After the
time of Urban VI. all the popes were chosen from the college
of cardinals.

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