A number of scholars who have investigated the apocalypse in the American literary tradition include a discussion of the African-American novel within the larger context of the American novel and its archetypes. See Robinson, American Apocalypse; R. W. B. Lewis, Trials of the Word; and May, Toward a New Earth.
2.
Smitherman is among the first linguists to devote attention to a formal analy- sis of black language structures. She refers to the religious practice of testifying, which entails one's giving public witness concerning God's benevolence. See Talkin' and Testifyin,' 8-22.
3.
I am indebted to the following sources for an understanding of the history surrounding the production of apocalypse and its religious and secular manifesta- tions: Russell, Apocalyptic: Ancient and Modern; Charles, Studies in the Apocalypse; and R. W. B. Lewis, Trials of the Word, 184-235.
4.
Blassingame, The Slave Community; Herskovitz, The Myth of the Negro Past; Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness; and Raboteau, Slave Religion.
5.
Cone discusses the double meaning associated with the conception of heaven among African Americans in The Spirituals and the Blues, 86-107. Fisher's discussion of this concept is grounded in his study of the spirituals as "oral historical documents." See Negro Slave Songs in the United States, 111-32.
6.
Cone, The Spirituals and the Blues, 106. The most complete statement of Cone's theological views appears in Black Theology and Black Power.
7.
Moses, Black Messiahs and Uncle Toms, and Howard-Pitney, The Afro-American Jeremiad.
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Publication Information: Book Title: The Apocalypse in African-American Fiction. Contributors: Maxine Lavon Montgomery - author. Publisher: University Press of Florida. Place of Publication: Gainesville, FL. Publication Year: 1996. Page Number: 103.
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