UNIVERSITIES, like cathedrals and par-
liaments, are a product of the Middle
Ages. The Greeks and the Romans,
strange as it may seem, had no univer-
sities in the sense in which the word has
been used for the past seven or eight cen-
turies. They had higher education, but
the terms are not synonymous. Much of
their instruction in law, rhetoric, and phi-
losophy it would be hard to surpass, but
it was not organized into the form of per-
manent institutions of learning. A great
teacher like Socrates gave no diplomas;
if a modern student sat at his feet for
three months, he would demand a certifi-

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