timate and informal relations prevailing in the urban com-
munity and in part because persons of local consequence usually
have not been regarded as of sufficient historical importance to
justify having their correspondence preserved. Lacking such
evidence of the nature and motivation of urban action, it has
been necessary to rely, more than otherwise would be warranted,
on such potentially biased and frequently inaccurate records
as newspaper reports, census returns, campaign arguments,
trade association figures, and recollections and memoirs.

Because of the relatively undigested character of so vol-
uminous a body of source material, I have been particularly
dependent upon the guidance of local specialists for aid in re-
search. The personnel of the Reference Department of the
Milwaukee Public Library, including Miss Mamie E. Rehn-
quist, Miss Gretchen DeWitt, Mr. John Dulka, Mr. Peter J.
McCormick, and Mr. Albert Strobl, have given unstinting and
resourceful assistance, as have Mr. William Slayton and Mrs.
Lucile Perry of the Municipal Reference Library in the city
hall. No less cooperative in making available the highly useful
materials at their disposal were Mrs. Alice M. Schramm and
Miss Betty Wallace of the Milwaukee Journal Library, Mr.
Theodore Mueller of the Milwaukee County Historical Society,
and Miss Alice Smith, chief of research of the State Historical
Society of Wisconsin. For the benefit of their understanding
of special phases of the Milwaukee social scene, I am indebted
to Dr. Joseph L. Baron, Mrs. Helen Dressel, the Rev. John F.
Fedders, Mr. Paul Gauer, the Rev. Roscoe Graham, Mr. Fred-
eric Heath, Rabbi Samuel Hirshberg, the late Dr. Louise Phelps
Kellogg, Mrs. Felicia Kwasie-Borski, Dr. Albert Lepawsky, Mrs.
Paula Lynagh, Mr. Frederick I. Olson, Mr. Edmund G. Olszyk,
Professor Selig Perlman, Professor Philip H. Person, Mr. Hugo
W. Rohde, Dr. Marian Silveus, and Mr. Szymon St. Deptula.
Grateful mention should be made of the subsidy provided by
the Duke University Research Council and of the encourage-
ment of Professor Frederic L. Paxson and Professor W. T.
Laprade through the years. I should like to express an especial
debt of gratitude to two of my former students: to Mr. William
H. Herrmann, who shared in the tedious task of newspaper re-

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