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From the social to the
symbolic equation: the
progress of idealism in
contemporary
anthropological
representations of
kinship, marriage, and
the family

MICHEL VERDON / University of Cambridge

This is the second paper of a trilogy, in which I investigate the development of anthropological definitions of
kinship, marriage and the family, assess their limitations for the comparative study of social organization, and
suggest an alternative. The analysis is predicated on the assumption that these definitions are derived from an
underlying representation of groups and society, and that they will fail to be 'universal' as long as we do not
define groups as phenomena sui generis.

In a first paper ( Verdon, 1980 a), I studied the manner in which the evolutionists, studying groups through
their ideological reflections, rooted kinship, marriage and the family in biology, and also asserted the historical
and logical priority of 'group ties' over 'individual ties.' Malinowski rescued groups from 'nature,' only to
reduce them in turn to interaction and the sentiments it generates, positing in the process the ontological and
analytical primacy of 'individual ties' over 'group ties' in the analysis of 'primitive' society. Against this
background (and studied in this paper), Rivers, Radcliffe-Brown and Fortes (1) argued that groups tran-
scended both biology and psychology because of their 'social' dimension, and (2) tried to reconcile the two
levels of corporate groups (group ties) and interpersonal relationships (individual ties). Despite their remark-
able efforts, however, I argue that they fell short of achieving both. With Livé-Strauss and Schneider, finally,
groups are further removed from 'society' itself as social relations come to be perceived as 'symbolic' or
'cultural'. The process of 'idealization' is therefore complete, from 'practical reason' (with the evolutionists)
to 'cultural transcendentalism' (with the structuralists), and our conceptual tools (such as kinship, marriage
and the family) are increasingly less 'universal' in their applicability. If the comparative study of social
organization is to become more rigorous and systematic, it may have to call for an 'operational' solution.

Cet article s'insère dans le cadre d'une trilogie, dans laquelle j'ai cherché à dessiner l'évolution des définitions
anthropologiques de la parenté, du mariage et de la famille, à évaluer leur potentiel analytique, et à suggérer
une alternative. Pour ce faire, j'ai dù postuler que ces définitions sont dérivées d'une conceptual conceptualisation
sousjacente de ce que sont groupes et société, et qu'elles ne seront 'universelles' que lorsque nous saurons
définir les groupes en tant que phénomènes sui generis
.

Dans un premier essai ( Verdon, 1980 a), j'ai étudié la manière dont les évolutionistes, en étudiant les
groupes à travers leurs reflets idéologiques, ont inscrit la parenté, le mariage et la famille dans le donné
biologique, et ont aussi affirmé la priorité historique et logique des 'liens de groupes' (ou liens 'tribaux') sur les
'liens individuels.' Malinowski a réussi à arracher les groupes de ce substrat biologique, mais seulement pour
les réduire à son tour au statut d'épiphénomène du comportement (donc de la psychologie), tout en postulant le
primat ontologique et analytique des 'liens individuels' sur les 'liens de groupes' dans l'analyse des sociétés
dites 'primitives.' Dans cette perspective (et formant le sujet de cet article), Rivers, Radcliffe-Brown et Fortes
(1) ont établi que les groupes transcendent à la fois biologie et psychologie par leur caractère 'social', et (2) ont
essayé de reconcilier analytiquement le niveau des 'groupes corporatifs' (les liens tribaux d'antan) avec celui
des rapports interpersonnels (les liens individuels). Malgré leurs efforts remarquables, je crois qu'ils n'ont pas
tout-à-fait réussi dans leur double entreprise. Au terme de cette histoire, Lévi-Strauss et Schneider ont
finalement coupé les groupes de leur support social, en considérant les rapports sociaux en tant que
'symboliques' ou 'culturels' et, ce faisant, ont achevé un processus d'idéalisation de nos concepts, de ce que
Sahlins a appelé la 'raison pratique' (et qu'on retrouve chez les évolutionistes) à ce que j'appellerais du

____________________
Rev. canad. Soc. & Anth./Canad. Rev. Soc. & Anth. 17(4) 1980

-315-

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Publication Information: Article Title: From the Social to the Symbolic Equation: the Progress of Idealism in Contemporary Anthropological Representations of Kinship, Marriage, and the Family. Contributors: Michel Verdon - author. Journal Title: Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology. Volume: 17. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 1980. Page Number: 315.
    
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