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Several hundred directives on environmental policy have been produced by the European Union. What impact has the output of this "legislative factory" had? After considering how decisions on environmental policy in the EU are made and the balance of power between business and environmental interests ...

Several hundred directives on environmental policy have been produced by the European Union. What impact has the output of this "legislative factory" had? After considering how decisions on environmental policy in the EU are made and the balance of power between business and environmental interests, this book looks in depth at the areas of global warming, water pollution, and air pollution.

Despite decades of policy experimentation, the ultimate goal of efficient and effective environmental regulation has continued to elude policy-makers and regulatory theorists. The less than satisfactory performance of both government and market approaches to environmental protection has led to the ...

Despite decades of policy experimentation, the ultimate goal of efficient and effective environmental regulation has continued to elude policy-makers and regulatory theorists. The less than satisfactory performance of both government and market approaches to environmental protection has led to the introduction of a broader range of policy mechanisms, such as education, information-based strategies, economic instruments and self-regulation. Yet these various policy instruments are usually treated as alternatives to one another rather than as complementary. Drawing from studies in North America, Europe and Australia, the authors show how the design of complementary combinations of policy instruments, tailored to particular environmental goals and circumstances, will produce more effective and efficient policy outcomes. They also confront the critical problem of how, at a time of fiscal constraint and small government, environmental policy might still be designed in ways that improve outcomes both for the environment and for business.

"This book is ... an example of how to study a specific problem (the environment in Egypt and how it relates to its politics and economics), how to define the parameters to achieve the goal of the study, and how to reach the goal.... Readers will trace the intellectual input of the author in every ...

"This book is ... an example of how to study a specific problem (the environment in Egypt and how it relates to its politics and economics), how to define the parameters to achieve the goal of the study, and how to reach the goal.... Readers will trace the intellectual input of the author in every line of the book". -- From the foreword by Mostafa Kamal Tolba

In the first examination of environmental policy and policy making in Egypt, Salwa Sharawi Gomaa analyzes and explains the nature, development, and possible implications of environmental concern as a political issue. She explores the interactions between the Egyptian government, environmental non-government organizations (NGOs), the Green Party, and foreign donors and explains who makes environmental policy, how that policy is arrived at, and what its impact is.

Of particular interest is the substantial amount of fieldwork and interviews on which Gomaa's study is based. Her conversations with government officials, NGO environmentalists, and officials from the international donor community provide insight and a concrete application of complex theoretical principles. Through personal contacts at every level of the process, she is able to show how the environment was put on the policy-making agenda, who saw it through the decision-making process, how the international donor community got involved, and how local organizations came to play a role.

Unlike the grassroots environmentalism of the West, Egypt's environmental initiative originated with the state, following some prodding from the international community. Gomaa's description and analysis of how this process has advanced in a country rife with political and economicchallenges holds lessons for environmental advocates throughout the Third World.

The rise of social regulation and the advent of public interest movements during the 1960s and 1970s led to a significant change in policy outcomes as the influence of governmental actors and political activists increased at the expense of business. Recently, this policy system has come under harsh ...

The rise of social regulation and the advent of public interest movements during the 1960s and 1970s led to a significant change in policy outcomes as the influence of governmental actors and political activists increased at the expense of business. Recently, this policy system has come under harsh attack as a result of changing economic conditions, extensive lobbying by business, and the election of presidents openly hostile to the American regulatory state. By focusing on two specific areas, pesticide regulation and air pollution control, this study describes and explains policy changes by examining recent controversies in the context of empirical political theory.