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Landman studies four communally-oriented settings in Washington's urban environment. Through ethnographic field work she learned that cooperation, sociability, and self management overcame the common urban challenges posed by isolation and largely impersonal, single purpose contact with others. The ...

Landman studies four communally-oriented settings in Washington's urban environment. Through ethnographic field work she learned that cooperation, sociability, and self management overcame the common urban challenges posed by isolation and largely impersonal, single purpose contact with others. The settings were a cooperative food store, a cooperative bakery, community gardens, and a cooperatively owned low-cost housing project. Landman shows how the participants in these economically related activities are socially bound together in a web of relations considered unusual in large American cities, and how these exceptionally connected urban lives prove very satisfactory.

Chaucer's Gardens and the Language of Convention examines the extensive literary and cultural sources for Chaucer's gardens, from some of his earliest dream-poems through Troilus and Criseyde and several of The Canterbury Tales. Not only do literary conventions come under scrutiny in the play ...

Chaucer's Gardens and the Language of Convention examines the extensive literary and cultural sources for Chaucer's gardens, from some of his earliest dream-poems through Troilus and Criseyde and several of The Canterbury Tales. Not only do literary conventions come under scrutiny in the play between narrative context and garden topos, Howes argues, but social conventions, such as marriage and courtship, submit to Chaucer's critical gaze through his narrated garden scenes. Combining new research on actual medieval gardens with source study, close textual analysis, and an investigation into the metaphorical significance of Chaucer's gardens, Howes opens the way to new understanding of Chaucer's outdoor spaces and what they mean. Many scenes previously thought to be set in the open forest or wilderness may instead be in large pleasure gardens and parks, a change in our understanding that has significant repercussions for interpretation of key passages. In addition, rather than focusing on a single garden topos such as the classical locus amoenus or the Christian earthly paradise, Howes considers the confluence of several strands of literary gardens Chaucer knew and thus strives to recapture for the modern reader the array of associations available to Chaucer's early audiences.