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This book addresses a seemingly simple question: Just how many people really work for the federal government? Official counts show a relatively small total of 1.9 million full-time civil servants, as of 1996. But, according to Paul Light, the true head count is nearly nine times higher than the ...

This book addresses a seemingly simple question: Just how many people really work for the federal government? Official counts show a relatively small total of 1.9 million full-time civil servants, as of 1996. But, according to Paul Light, the true head count is nearly nine times higher than the official numbers, with about 17 million people actually providing the government with goods and services. Most are part of what Light calls the "shadow of government" -- nonfederal employees working under federal contracts, grants, and mandates to state and local governments. In this book--the first that attempts to establish firm estimates of the shadow work force-- he explores the reasons why the official size of the federal government has remained so small while the shadow of government has grown so large. Light examines the political incentives that make the illusion of a small government so attractive, analyzes the tools used by officials to keep the official headcount small, and reveals how the appearance of smallness affects the management of government and the future of the public service. Finally, he points out ways the federal government can better manage the shadow work force it has built over the past half-century.

What level of government should be responsible for welfare, education, transportation, and other programs? What are the proper roles of the local, state, and national government? What price do we pay for our federal system? Does federalism perpetuate social inequality? Does it stifle economic ...

What level of government should be responsible for welfare, education, transportation, and other programs? What are the proper roles of the local, state, and national government? What price do we pay for our federal system? Does federalism perpetuate social inequality? Does it stifle economic growth? More intensely than ever, these questions are at the center of ongoing debate in Congress, statehouses, and town meetings. In this important book, Paul E. Peterson, one of the nation's leading experts on urban problems and American government, addresses them by bringing together two theoretical perspectives on federalism: functional and legislative. He uses these perspectives to explain the changes in federalism that have occurred over the past thirty-five years and to examine the proposals included in the Republican "Contract with America". After showing how both theories help explain American federalism, Peterson concludes that the federal system has been evolving in a functional direction. As the costs of transportation and communication have declined, labor and capital have become increasingly mobile, placing states and localities in greater competition with one another. State and local governments are responding to these changes by overlooking the needs of the poor and focusing instead on economic development. Meanwhile, the national government has concentrated on social welfare policy. From this perspective, Peterson evaluates the Republican "Contract with America". He applauds its commitment to decentralizing transportation, education, and other basic services to state and local government. But he says that passing the responsibility for welfare to the states would only induce amongthem a "race to the bottom".