1.
philosophy
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......Averroës, preserved Greek philosophy, especially Aristotelianism...teachings were forgotten in Europe.The Middle Ages to the...high achievement of medieval philosophy, was based on Aristotelian...revolutionized philosophic thought. René Descartes is considered the founder of modern ......
2.
Enlightenment
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......new ideas throughout Europe. Foremost in France...Herder developed a philosophy of cultural nationalism...E. Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment...P. Hazard, The European Mind: The Critical Years...repr. 1963) and European Thought in the Eighteenth Century...A. Cobban, ed., ......
3.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......pastorate. On a trip to Europe at this time he met...interest in transcendental thought began to blossom...strong influences on his philosophy, besides his own Unitarian...Swedenborg, and the philosophy of Kant. He returned...for independence from European cultural leadership...promulgate ......
4.
Marxism
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......economic and political philosophy named for Karl Marx. It...disciplines from economics to philosophy and literary history. Although...economic and historical thought, notably that of Georg...was felt in continental Europe. By the late 19th cent...Internationals, it had permeated the ......
5.
Middle Ages
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......Middle Ages, period in Western European history that followed the disintegration...that transpired.Medieval Europe was far from unified; it...from the growing strength of Europe. Security and prosperity...writings had not survived in Europe. Philosophy, science, and mathematics......
6.
scholasticism
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......Much knowledge of ancient philosophy came to the early scholastics...arranged works on theology and philosophy; they were characterized...the golden age of medieval philosophy. It was marked by two important...this vast body of systematic thought and organized research and...attracted scholars ......
7.
logical positivism
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......occupied (1920s) a chair of philosophy at the Univ. of Vienna...widespread following in Europe and the United States...Philosophicus that the object of philosophy was the logical clarification of thought; philosophy was not a theory but an......
8.
pragmatism
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......choice of the end itself. The philosophy was given its name by C...aspects of the doctrine. In Europe, F. C. S. Schiller (1864...Pragmatism dominated American philosophy from the 1890s to the 1930s...significant element in contemporary thought.See W. James, Pragmatism...Pragmatic Movement in ......
9.
Vishniac, Roman
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......took degrees in medicine, philosophy, art history, and biology...communities in Central and Western Europe. A part of this unique...in most modern and ancient European and Asian languages, Vishniac...specialist in East Asian art and philosophy. He taught in several fields...population that ......
10.
Santayana, George
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......taught in the department of philosophy from 1889 until 1912. After...from Harvard he returned to Europe, eventually settling...he saw the relationship of thought and reality as one of...life was paralleled in his philosophy by a decided moral detachment...and Powers, on political ......