1.
Sufism
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......emergence of organized Sufi orders. This phase of literary Sufism was also characterized...and The Way of the Sufi (1968). Although Sufism has made significant...A. J. Arberry, Sufism (1970); L. Lewin...The Diffusion of Sufi Ideas in the West......
2.
Adonis (Syrian poet)
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......symbolism and a mysticism related to that of classical Sufi poetry (see Sufism). Themes of exile and sensuality recur in his verse...as An Introduction to Arab Poetics (tr. 1990) and Sufism and Surrealism (1992, tr. 2005). Adonis has frequently......
3.
Farabi, al-
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......äl-färä´bē), d. 950, Islamic philosopher. He studied in Baghdad and later flourished in Aleppo as a sufi mystic (see Sufism). He died in Damascus. Al-Farabi was the author of an encyclopedic work drawn largely from Aristotle; he......
4.
Islam
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......mysticism into organizational structures in the form of Sufi orders was, from the 13th cent. onwards, one of the driving forces in the spread of Islam (see Sufism; fakir). Sufi orders were instrumental in expanding the realm of......
5.
fakir
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......with its ecstatic and literary Sufi figures. The oldest attested...scholastic religious leaders. The Sufi orders, by tolerating syncretisms...S Asia, and SE Asia. See Sufism. See J. S. Trimingham, The Sufi Orders in Islam (1971)....
6.
Ibn al-Arabi, Muhyi ad-Din Muhammad bin Ali al-Hatimi at-Tai
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......1165–1240, a Muslim Sufi mystic b. in Murcia...containing a full exposition of his Sufi doctrine; Fusus al...Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn Arabi (tr. 1969); W. Chittick, The Sufi Path of Knowledge (1989......
7.
Iran
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......have been made to suppress Babism and its successor, Baha'i, whose adherents constitute about 1% of Iran's population; Sufism has also suffered from government restrictions under the Islamic republic. Other religious movements, such as Mithraism......
8.
Arabic literature
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......poets arose who established a new court poetry. A prominent court poet was Abu Nuwas. Asceticism, not yet developed into Sufism, evolved into a poetic genre with Abu al-Atahiya. Among the most popular of Arabic poets, Mutanabbi (915–65) wrote......
9.
Sikhism
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......000 U.S. adherents and 225,000 in Canada. Sikhism is heterodox, combining the teachings of Bhakti Hinduism and Islamic Sufism. The founder and first Sikh guru, the mystic Nanak (c.1469–c.1539), proclaimed monotheism, the provisional nature......
10.
Hallaj, Hussein ibn Mansur al-
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......Born a Sunni, he traveled in Persia, India, and Turkistan, and experimented with a number of religious philosophies, including Sufism, Manichaeism, and Buddhism. An ecstatic mystic, his notorious description of his union with God, ana al-haqq [Arab......