1.
Shiites
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......it, and after Hasan's death, to Husein, Ali's younger son. The evolution...with fervor in today's Shiite world on the...character of its ideology. Islam, it suggests, should...and Lebanese causes.See M. Momen, An Introduction......
2.
Aurangzeb
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......scholarly, austere man, devoted to Islam, he persecuted the Hindus...Sikhism) when he refused to embrace Islam. Although the Mughal empire...Sarkar (5 vol., 1912–24) and M. Lal (1988); studies by S. Lane-Poole (1964) and R......
3.
madrasa
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......Islamist institutions. See R. W. Hefner and M. W. Zaman, ed., Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education...Activism and Transnational Linkages (2009), S. H. Ali, Islam and Education: Conflict and Conformity in Pakistan......
4.
Tunisia
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......000 ft (1,219 m) in elevation...over half of Tunisia's workers are engaged...oil are the country's leading exports...population was converted to Islam. Successive Muslim...were recovered for Islam by the Ottoman Turks...took over Tunisia's finances in 1869......
5.
caliphate
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......fĬt), the rulership of Islam; caliph (kăl´Ĭf´...Islamic state. In principle, Islam is theocratic...first caliph. After Ali's death, Muawiya became...1930, repr. 1970); M. Ali, Early Caliphate (tr. 1947); S. K. Bakhsh, The Caliphate......
6.
religion
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......Christianity, Judaism, and Islam), in which there is a single...the Word of the Father), and Islam (where the angel Gabriel revealed God's will to Muhammad). Some religions...Man and His Gods (1971); M. Eliade, ed., Encyclopedia......
7.
Arabs
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......thought to have originated in S Arabia. The Assyrian inscriptions...the Arabic language and Islam. They founded a vast empire...specifically Arab dominance in Islam, though Muslim culture...two thirds of the world's oil reserves are thought...Arabs (10th ed. 1970); M. Khadduri, Political......
8.
fundamentalism
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......Jennings Bryan won Tennessee's case against J. T. Scopes...approximately 25% of the U.S. population) have become...Fundamentalism (1970); M. Ellingsen, The Evangelical...In other religions. In Islam, the term "fundamentalism...opposed to secularization in Islam and Islamic countries and......
9.
Saudi Arabia
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......from c.2,000 ft (610 m) in the east to c.5,000 ft (1,520 m) in the west. Riyadh...than 9,000 ft (2,743 m). The Eastern Province...probably the country's largest. Saudi Arabia...Wahhabi branch of Sunni Islam, although there is a small......
10.
Atatürk, Kemal
- Publication:
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2013
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......considered extremists. Regarding Islam as a conservative force...thereby disestablishing Islam as the state religion) and...friendly relations with Turkey's neighbors, particularly the...A. Mango (2002), and M. S. Hanioglu (2011); G......