A Cardboard Castle? An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact, 1955-1991

Table of contents

• National Security Archive Cold War Readers ii
• Title Page iii
• Table of Contents v
• Preface and Acknowledgements xvii
• Acronyms and Abbreviations xxi
• Abreviations Used in Document Source Citations xxiii
• Chronology of Events xxv
• The Warsaw Pact as History 1
• Part One - The Formative Years 76
• Document No. 1: the Warsaw Treaty, May 14, 1955 77
• Document No. 2: Statute of the Warsaw Treaty Unified Command, September 7, 1955 80
• Document No. 3: Imre Nagy's Telegram to Diplomatic Missions in Budapest Declaring Hungary's Neutrality, November 1, 1956 83
• Document No. 4: Gen. Jan Drzewiecki's Critique of the Statute of the Unified Command, November 3, 1956 84
• Document No. 5: Polish Memorandum on Reform of the Warsaw Pact, January 10, 1957 87
• Document No. 6: Gen. Drzewiecki's Interview regarding Memorandum on Reform of the Warsaw Pact, May 8, 1997 91
• Document No. 7: Soviet Directives to the Czechoslovak Army on Operational and Combat Preparations, September 25, 1957 93
• Document No. 8: Draft of a Warsaw Pact–Nato Nonaggression Treaty, May 24, 1958 95
• Document No. 9: Marshal Ivan Konev Analysis of a Czechoslovak Army Operational Exercise, March 31–April 7, 1959 97
• Document No. 10: Conclusions from the Operational Exercise of the Czechoslovak Army, March 31–April 7, 1959 100
• Document No. 11: East German Description of a West German Plan for the Occupation of the Gdr, July 29, 1959 102
• Document No. 12: Warsaw Pact Views of Nato's Plans and Capabilities, April 28, 1960 105
• Document No. 13: the Soviet–Albanian Dispute, March 22–June 3, 1961 108
• Document No. 14: Secret Pcc Resolution on Restructuring and Modernization of Warsaw Pact Forces, March 29, 1961 116
• Document No. 15: Czechoslovakia's Strategic Position in a European War, April 1961 118
• Document No. 16: Speech by Marshal Malinovskii Describing the Need for Warsaw Pact Offensive Operations, May 1961 120
• Document No. 17: Czechoslovak Politburo Resolution on Mobilization Readiness with Respect to the Berlin Question, July 25, 1961 122
• Document No. 18: Joint Declaration of the Warsaw Treaty States on the Berlin Wall, August 13, 1961 126
• Document No. 19: Resolution by the Czechoslovak Party Military Defense Commission on the Introduction of Emergency Measures, September 14, 1961 129
• Document No. 20: the [Buria] Exercise Preparing for An Advance into Western Europe, September 28–October 10, 1963 131
• Document No. 21: Organizational Principles of the Czechoslovak Army, November 22, 1962 137
• Document No. 22: the [Mazowsze] Exercise for Nuclear War and Interview with Gen. Tuczapski on Soviet Bloc Planning of Exercises, Circa April 23, 1963 140
• Document No. 23: Polish Command Post Exercise Rehearsing Advance to Northern Germany, Low Countries, and Denmark, June 14, 1963 149
• Document No. 24: Mongolian Request for Admission to the Warsaw Pact, July 15, 1963 152
• Document No. 25: Polish Foreign Ministry Memorandum regarding Possible Mongolian Accession to the Warsaw Treaty, July 20, 1963 154
• Document No. 26: Czechoslovak Drafts of Orders and Appeals to Be Issued in Occupied Western European Territories, June 29, 1964 157
• Document No. 27: Warsaw Pact War Plan for the Czechoslovak Front, October 14, 1964 160
• Document No. 28: Warsaw Pact Intelligence on Nato's Strategy and Combat Readiness, 1965 170
• Part Two - The Crisis 176
• Document No. 29: Albanian Note to the Political Consultative Committee, January 15, 1965 177
• Document No. 30: Minutes of Discussion at Political Consultative Committee Meeting in Warsaw, January 20, 1965 179
• Document No. 31: Plan for Hungarian Command-Staff War Game, May 1965 189
• Document No. 32: Transcript of CeaușEscu–Deng Conversation, July 25, 1965 192
• Document No. 33: Hungarian Proposals for Reform of the Warsaw Pact, January 18–19, 1966 195
• Document No. 34: Polish Proposals for Reform of the Warsaw Pact, January 21 and 26, 1966 200
• Document No 35: Czechoslovak Proposal for Reform of the Warsaw Pact, February 1966 208
• Document No. 36: Statement by the Romanian Chief of Staff on Reform of the Warsaw Pact, February 4–9, 1966 210
• Document No. 37: Summary of Discussion at Conference of Warsaw Treaty Deputy Foreign Ministers, February 17, 1966 212
• Document No. 38: Study of Special Features of a Surprise Outbreak of War Prepared for the Hungarian Military, February 22–23, 1966 215
• Document No. 39: Memorandum of the Conference of Defense Ministers, May 27–28, 1966 217
• Document No. 40: Memorandum of the Conference of Foreign Ministers, June 14–15, 1966 220
• Document No. 41: Minutes of Summit of Warsaw Pact Leaders in Bucharest, July 5–7, 1966 225
• Document No. 42: Transcript of Gathering of Warsaw Pact Leaders in Karlovy Vary, April 25, 1967 237
• Document No. 43: East German Analysis of the NATO [Fallex 66] Exercise, 1967 242
• Document No. 44: Report on the State of the Bulgarian Army in the Wake of the Middle East War, October 7, 1967 245
• Document No. 45: Memorandum of Results of the Chiefs of General Staff Meeting regarding Reorganization of the Warsaw Treaty, March 1, 1968 249
• Document No. 46: Czechoslovak Report on the Meeting of the Political Consultative Committee of March 6–7, 1968, March 26, 1968 252
• Document No. 47: Remarks by the Czechoslovak Chief of Staff on the Theory of Local War, March 13, 1968 258
• Document No. 48: Record of GomułKa–Iakubovskii Conversation in Warsaw, April 19, 1968 261
• Document No. 49: Report to Nicolae CeaușEscu on the Meeting of the Political Consultative Committee in Sofia, June 3, 1968 264
• Document No. 50: Memorandum of the Academic Staff of the Czechoslovak Military Academies on Czechoslovakia's Defense Doctrine, June 4, 1968 270
• Document No. 51: Action Program of the Czechoslovak Army, June 11, 1968 279
• Document No. 52: Czechoslovak Central Committee Study of Security Policy, June 24, 1968 283
• Document No. 53: Reports on the [ŠUmava] Exercise, July 1968 286
• Document No. 54: Transcript of the Meeting of Five Warsaw Pact States in Warsaw, July 14–15, 1968 294
• Document No. 55: Czechoslovak and East German Views on the Warsaw Pact, July 1968 302
• Document No. 56: Report by East German Defense Minister on the Invasion of Czechoslovakia, August 22, 1968 305
• Document No. 57: Record of the Meeting between President Ludvík Svoboda and Czechoslovak Army Officers, August 28, 1968 308
• Document No. 58: Letter from the East German Deputy Defense Minister to Erich Honecker about His Conversation with Marshal Iakubovskii, August 31, 1968 311
• Document No. 59: Report by the East German Defense Minister on Nato's [Fallex 68/Golden Rod] Exercise, November 21, 1968 312
• Document No. 60: Czechoslovak–Soviet Agreement on the Stationing of Soviet Nuclear Forces, November 13–14, 1968 314
• Document No. 61: Czechoslovak General Staff Study on the Warsaw Treaty, December 21, 1968 317
• Part Three - The Alliance at Its Peak 322
• Document No. 62: New Secret Statutes of the Warsaw Pact, March 17, 1969 323
• Document No. 63: Appeal for a European Security Conference, March 17, 1969 330
• Document No. 64: Report by CeaușEscu to the Romanian Politburo on the Pcc Meeting in Budapest, March 18, 1969 332
• Document No. 65: Polish Army Report on East German Misbehavior during the [Oder–Neisse-69] Exercise, October 22, 1969 339
• Document No. 66: Speech by Marshal Grechko at the [Zapad] Exercise, October 16, 1969 342
• Document No. 67: Hungarian Foreign Ministry Memorandum of Soviet–Hungarian Consultations on the European Security Conference, October 18, 1969 347
• Document No. 68: Polish Proposals for the Conference on Security and Disarmament, October 24, 1969 350
• Document No. 69: East German Evaluation of Polish Proposal for a European Security Treaty, November 13, 1969 354
• Document No. 70: Speech by Grechko at the First Meeting of the Warsaw Pact Committee of Ministers of Defense, December 22, 1969 356
• Document No. 71: Hungarian Report of Warsaw Pact Summit on Policy toward West Germany, January 7, 1970 358
• Document No. 72: Minutes of Romanian Politburo Meeting concerning the CeaușEscu–Brezhnev Conversation, May 20, 1970 365
• Document No. 73: the Surrender of Hannover According to the Polish Army's [Bison] Exercise, April 21–28, 1971 380
• Document No. 74: Transcript of Romanian Politburo Meeting on CeaușEscu's Trip to Asia and Moscow, June 25, 1971 382
• Document No. 75: Comparison of Warsaw Treaty and NATO Positions concerning the European Security Conference, December 1, 1971 390
• Document No. 76: Hungarian Memorandum on the Deputy Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Moscow, February 3, 1975 393
• Document No. 77: Iakubovskii Report on the State of the Unified Armed Forces, December 31, 1975 395
• Document No. 78: Evaluation of the Helsinki Final Act by the Czechoslovak Party Presidium, April 28, 1976 397
• Document No. 79: Czechoslovak Analysis of the [Soiuz 77] Exercise, March 21–29, 1977 402
• Document No. 80: Description of Activities of An East German Spy Inside Nato, April–May 1977 404
• Document No. 81: Marshal Ogarkov Analysis of the [Zapad] Exercise, May 30–June 9, 1977 406
• Document No. 82: Report by Marshal Kulikov on the State of the Unified Armed Forces, January 30, 1978 413
• Document No. 83: Soviet Statement at the Chiefs of General Staff Meeting in Sofia, June 12–14, 1978 415
• Document No. 84: Speech by Brezhnev at the Political Consultative Committee Meeting in Moscow, November 22, 1978 418
• Document No. 85: Minutes of the Romanian Politburo Meeting, November 24, 1978 422
• Part Four - The Incipient Decline 426
• Document No. 86: Statute of the Unified Command in War Time, March 18, 1980 427
• Document No. 87: CeaușEscu's Speech at the Political Consultative Committee Meeting in Warsaw, May 14–15, 1980 435
• Document No. 88: Summary of the Deputy Foreign Ministers' Preparatory Meeting for the Csce Madrid Conference, July 8–9, 1980 438
• Document No. 89: Bulgarian Report on the Defense Ministers' Meeting in Bucharest, December 8, 1980 441
• Document No. 90: the Soviet Military's Attempts to Gain Polish Leadership Cooperation to End the Polish Crisis, January–April 1981 443
• Document No. 91: Report on Conversation between Marshal Kulikov and Senior East German Military Officials, June 13, 1981 446
• Document No. 92: Information by Marshal Ustinov on Soviet Strategic Offensive Forces, September 1981 449
• Document No. 93: Report on the Committee of Ministers of Defense Meeting in Moscow, December 1–4, 1981 451
• Document No. 94: Transcript of the Soviet Politburo Meeting on the Crisis in Poland, December 10, 1981 456
• Document No. 95: Memorandum of Conversation with Marshals Ustinov and Kulikov concerning a Soviet War Game, June 14, 1982 462
• Document No. 96: Report on Speech by Marshal Ogarkov at a Warsaw Pact Chiefs of Staff Meeting in Minsk, September 8–10, 1982 466
• Document No. 97: East German Intelligence Report on the Operational Plan of the U.S. 5th Army Corps in War Time, December 16, 1982 469
• Document No. 98: Speech by Andropov at the Political Consultative Committee Meeting in Prague, January 4–5, 1983 472
• Document No. 99: Scenario of the [Soiuz-83] Exercise, June 9–August 2, 1983 480
• Document No. 100: East German Summary of Warsaw Pact Summit in Moscow, June 28, 1983 483
• Document No. 101: Summary of the Committee of Ministers of Foreign Affairs Meeting in Sofia, October 20, 1983 485
• Document No. 102: Statement by Marshal Ustinov at the Committee of Ministers of Defense Meeting in Sofia, December 5–7, 1983 490
• Document No. 103: Report on the Committee of Ministers of Foreign Affairs Meeting in Budapest, April 26, 1984 492
• Document No. 104: Transcript of Honecker–Chernenko Meeting in Moscow, August 17, 1984 496
• Document No. 105: Report by the Head of Soviet Military Intelligence to the Committee of Ministers of Defense, December 3–5, 1984 500
• Document No. 106: Speech by Gorbachev at the Warsaw Treaty Summit in Moscow, April 26, 1985 507
• Document No. 107: Warsaw Pact Information concerning Improvements in NATO Military Technology, November 11, 1985 511
• Document No. 108: Speech by Marshal Kulikov at the Committee of Ministers of Defense Meeting in Strausberg, December 2–5, 1985 513
• Document No. 109: East German Intelligence Assessment of Nato's Intelligence on the Warsaw Pact, December 16, 1985 514
• Document No. 110: Scenario for the [Granit-86] Exercise, December 23, 1985 516
• Document No. 111: Summary of the Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs in Warsaw, March 19–20, 1986 518
• Document No. 112: East German Intelligence Assessments of An Frg Appraisal of the National People's Army, April 28 and May 27, 1986 522
• Document No. 113: Bulgarian Memorandum on the Bulgarian–Romanian Proposal for a Chemical Weapons- Free Zone in the Balkans, March 21, 1986 526
• Document No. 114: East German Ideas concerning a Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone in Central Europe, May 21, 1986 528
• Document No. 115: Minutes of the Political Consultative Committee Party Secretaries' Meeting in Budapest, June 11, 1986 531
• Document No. 116: Report to the Bulgarian Politburo on Romanian Arms Reduction Proposals, September 22, 1986 539
• Document No. 117: Czechoslovak Summary of the Committee of Ministers of Foreign Affairs Meeting in Bucharest, October 18, 1986 541
• Document No. 118: Summary of Statements at the Military Council Meeting in Bucharest, November 10–11, 1986 546
• Document No. 119: Summary of Soviet Statement at the Committee of Ministers of Defense Meeting in Warsaw, December 1–3, 1986 549
• Document No. 120: Outline of a Czechoslovak Command Post Exercise, January 27–28, 1987 551
• Document No. 121: Report on the Committee of Ministers of Foreign Affairs Meeting in Moscow, March 24–25, 1987 554
• Part Five - Disintegration 558
• Document No. 122: Soviet Explanation of the Warsaw Pact's New Military Doctrine at the Chiefs of Staff Meeting in Moscow, May 18–25, 1987 559
• Document No. 123: Records of the Political Consultative Committee Meeting in Berlin, May 27–29, 1987 562
• Document No. 124: Summary of a Consultation of Chiefs of Staff in Moscow, October 14, 1987 572
• Document No. 125: Speech by General Iazov at the Ministers of Defense Meeting in Bucharest, November 26, 1987 574
• Document No. 126: Proposal to Establish a Warsaw Pact Information and Propaganda Department, March 11, 1988 577
• Document No. 127: Memorandum of Akhromeev–Kessler Conversation, March 19, 1988 579
• Document No. 128: Speeches at the Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Sofia, March 29–30, 1988 582
• Document No. 129: Draft of a Revised Statute of the Unified Command in War Time, March 30–31, 1988 589
• Document No. 130: Summary of Statement by Marshal Akhromeev on Exchange of Data between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, May 17, 1988 592
• Document No. 131: Transcript of Romanian Party Politburo Meeting, June 17, 1988 594
• Document No. 132: Memorandum of Kulikov–Honecker Conversation, June 27, 1988 598
• Document No. 133: Romanian Proposal for Reform of the Warsaw Pact, July 4–8, 1988 600
• Document No. 134: Summary of Gorbachev's Speech at the Committee of Ministers of Defense Meeting in Moscow, July 7, 1988 605
• Document No. 135: Speech by Gorbachev at the Political Consultative Committee Meeting in Warsaw, July 15, 1988 607
• Document No. 136: Summary of Discussion among Defense Ministers at the Political Consultative Committee Meeting in Warsaw, July 15, 1988 615
• Document No. 137: Summary of Discussion at the Committee of Ministers of Defense Meeting in Prague, October 17–18, 1988 618
• Document No. 138: East German Evaluation of Nato's 1988 Exercises, November 15, 1988 621
• Document No. 139: Record of Conversation between Erich Honecker and the East German Defense Minister December 4, 1988 623
• Document No. 140: Minutes of the Sofia Meeting of the Committee of Ministers of Defense, December 17, 1988 626
• Document No. 141: Report by the Bulgarian Foreign Minister at the Unofficial Meeting of Foreign Ministers at Niederschönhausen near Berlin, April 10, 1989 629
• Document No. 142: Summary of Statement by the Soviet Defense Minister to Warsaw Pact Chiefs of Staff, April 28, 1989 632
• Document No. 143: Czechoslovak Description of [Vltava-89] Exercise, May 23, 1989 634
• Document No. 144: Bulgarian Proposal for Reform of the Warsaw Treaty, June 14, 1989 636
• Document No. 145: Letter from the Bulgarian Cc to the Romanian Cc, June 21, 1989 642
• Document No. 146: Records of the Political Consultative Committee Meeting in Bucharest, July 7–8, 1989 644
• Document No. 147: Records of the Foreign Ministers's Meeting in Warsaw, October 26–27, 1989 655
• Document No. 148: East German Statement at the Committee of Ministers of Defense Meeting in Budapest, November 27–29, 1989 664
• Document No. 149: Memorandum of Conversation between Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Aboimov and the Romanian Ambassador to the Ussr, December 21, 1989 665
• Document No. 150: Czechoslovak Report on a Meeting at the Soviet General Staff, January 29, 1990 666
• Document No. 151: East German Summary of the Ottawa Meeting of NATO and Warsaw Pact Foreign Ministers, February 12–13, 1990 668
• Document No. 152: Memorandum of Eppelmann–Iazov Conversation, April 29, 1990 670
• Document No. 153: Records of the Political Consultative Committee Meeting in Moscow, June 7, 1990 674
• Document No. 154: Recollections of Czechoslovak Foreign Ministry Adviser Jaroslav ŠEdivý, 1990–1991 678
• Document No. 155: Agreement on the Cessation of the Military Provisions of the Warsaw Pact, February 25, 1991 682
• Main Actors 685
• Selected Bibliography on the Warsaw Pact 693
• Index 707