1. “Death of Judge Tourgee”; New Orleans Daily States, 14 June 1892, from scrapbook of press clippings, Albion W. Tourgée Papers (hereinafter AWTP), item #8251.
2. Albion W. Tourgée (hereinafter AWT) to editor, Raleigh Daily Standard, 1 February 1870, 2; original in AWTP #1262.
3. Cooper, Voice from the South, 188.
4. Olsen, Carpetbagger’s Crusade, 224; AWTP #9907, scrapbook of obituary clippings, “Judge Tourgee, The Author, Dead,” Baltimore American, 21 May 1905.
5. Karcher, introduction to Bricks Without Straw, by Albion W. Tourgée, 1.
6. Olsen, Carpetbagger’s Crusade, 281.
7. Tourgée supplies these figures in AWTP #6439, AWT to Phillip C. Garret [sic], n.d. [October 1892]. Five years after its founding in 1833, the American Anti-Slavery Society had 1,350 local chapters and approximately 250,000 members, according to Wikipedia, “American Anti-Slavery Society.” By comparison, “the NAACP had only a few hundred members” during the “first three years of its existence,” according to McPherson, Abolitionist Legacy, 389. Moreover, by 1919, NAACP membership was only around 90,000. See Kellogg, NAACP, 1:91, 128, 133, 137.
8. [Harris], “Refugee from His Race.” Tourgée reprinted and replied to this review in “A Bystander’s Notes,” 10 May 1890, 4.
9. Quoted in Catherine Impey, editorial, Anti-Caste, December 1891, 2–3; AWTP #7614, NCRA (National Citizens’ Rights Association) file, Josephine S. P. Ruffin to AWT, 3 December 1891.
10. Cooper, Voice from the South, 190, 191.
11. AWTP #5438, W. E. Henry to AWT, 16 March 1891.
12. I am grateful to H. Bruce Franklin and an anonymous reader for the journal MELUS, which published an article drawn from this book, for helping me to formulate the distinction offered here between objective and subjective manifestations of racism.
1. AWTP #5374, AWT to J. Gray Lucas, 28 February 1891; housed and recently digitalized at the Chautauqua County Historical Society, these papers are also available on microfilm. In AWTP #5365, J. Gray Lucas to AWT, 24 February 1891, Lucas
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