Byline: Guy Taylor, THE WASHINGTON TIMES

Presidents have often asserted disputed powers in the name of national security. Abraham Lincoln, citing a necessity to suppress support for the Confederacy, suspended habeas corpus, the right of suspects to challenge charges against them, in the Civil War.

Eighty years later, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordering the detention of more than 100,000 Japanese and American citizens of Japanese descent.

Historians often cite these two events, and the circumstances under which the two presidents made such swift and divisive assertions of executive power, as most fitting to the current debate over moves made by President Bush in the wake of September 11.

With the Senate Judiciary Committee today opening hearings, "Wartime Executive Power and the NSA's Surveillance Authority," administration backers argue Mr. Bush's actions pale in comparison to those of past wartime presidents.

Critics rip the administration's assertion that the terrorist attacks warranted interrogation techniques beyond limits on torture set by federal law, open-ended detention of suspects without charges and spying on Americans without oversight.

Many scholars, however, are divided on whether the executive has gone too far.

"All wartime presidents expand their powers to some extent. It's sort of a natural inclination under the pressure of war," says John D. Hutson, president of the Franklin Pierce Law Center in New Hampshire and a former judge advocate general of the Navy.

"Whether you think it's a good idea or not that this is an administration that is drawing power very much to the executive, and to some extent that's a zero-sum game, meaning there is only so much power out there and to the extent that he gets it, it's coming from somebody else, some from Congress, some from the courts and some from the people."

Gary J. Schmitt, director of the program on Advanced Strategic Studies at the American Enterprise Institute, says "the Constitution was designed with different institutional capability, and it's no surprise that in times of a national security crisis the institution that's most institutionally capable of handling such will step into the breach."

President Bush appears to have permanently carved his place in the debate by acknowledging that since September 11 he has authorized the National Security Agency to electronically spy on people in the United States communicating with suspected terrorist-linked individuals overseas without warrants from a secret court created by a 1978 federal law to oversee such activities.

His argument for such powerful moves is twofold, centering on his reading of the Constitution's definition of the president as commander in chief and his interpretation of a bill passed by Congress weeks after September 11 authorizing him to use "all necessary and appropriate force" to prevent a future attack.

The Founders

It's a fight that goes back more than 200 years. Before the Constitution, it reared its head in the Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison.

"Energy in the executive,"Hamilton wrote in 1788, "is essential to the protection of the community against foreign attacks."

Jay cautioned against too powerful an executive, since kings with too much power make war "for the purposes and objects merely personal, such as thirst for military glory, revenge for personal affronts."

Madison called for power to be shared, writing that neither the president nor the Congress, or the courts "ought to possess, directly or indirectly, an overruling influence over the others."

The Constitution drew from each, vesting the power to make laws "in the Congress," making the president "commander in chief" of the military, and leaving it to the courts to resolve disputes between the two. …