Second, the approaches adopted by Hurd and the Bank are based on rather peculiar and limited theories of history which argue for convergence and which are based on a particular view of human nature embedded in western culture.
Third and finally, in practice the statements from the Bank, from Mr Hurd and from Mrs Chalker, can only have limited impact on the design and formation of aid projects. In part this is the result of the poverty of their models of development which makes them unworkable; in part it is the result of the ambiguous nature of concepts such as 'empowerment' which allow and encourage 'anti-market' forms of intervention to continue.
Lynda Chalker: Speech to the Africa Private Enterprise Group, 12 December 1990.
Lynda Chalker: 'Good Government and the Aid Programme'. Speech at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 25 June 1991.
"Lynda Chalker: 'Giving Aid to the Third World, with Strings Attached'". The Sunday Times. 18.8. 1991.
Douglas Hurd: Speech to the Overseas Development Institute. 6 June 1990.
Bernstein H. 1990. "'Agricultural Modernisation and the Era of Structural Adjustment: Observations on sub-Saharan Africa'", Journal of Peasant Studies, 18: 3-35.
Collier P. 1991. "'From Critic to Secular God: the World Bank and Africa: a Commentary upon Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth'". African Affairs, 90: 111-17.
Dymski G. A. and J. E. Elliott, 1989. "'Capitalism and the Democratic Economy'", in, E. F. Paul et al, (eds.), Capitalism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Fukuyama F. 1989. "'The End of History?'", The National Interest, 16 (Summer): 3-18.
Hirsch F. 1976. Social Limits to Growth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Hirschman A. O. 1977. The Passions and the Interests. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hirschman A. O. 1982. "'Rival Interpretations of Market Society: Civilising, Destructive or Feeble'", Journal of Economic Literature, 20: 1463-84.
Lane R. E. 1986. "'Market Justice and Political Justice'", American Political Science Review, 80: 383-401.
Rawls J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Stein H. and E. W. Nafziger, 1991. "'Structural Adjustment, Human Needs, and the World Bank Agenda'", Journal of Modern African Studies, 29: 173-89.
World Bank, 1989. Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth. Washington: IBRD/World Bank.
-213-